The status quo and development countermeasures of electronic publications in China
2018-06-30 14:01:36
Abstract This paper analyzes the current status of electronic publications at home and abroad, proposes the problems faced by electronic publications in China, and discusses several strategies and measures for the development of electronic publications in China.
Keywords electronic publication development strategy
With the rapid development and increasing popularity of computer technology, the new electronic media publication has emerged. The ability of a country to produce electronic publications not only represents the technical level of the country, but also can bring substantial economic benefits to the country. Therefore, all countries in the world attach great importance to the progress of their electronic publications.
1, the status of foreign publications
In October 1985, the electronic publication was exhibited for the first time at the Frankfurt Book Fair in France. Over the past 13 years, the development of foreign electronic publications has been very rapid.
(l) Variety of species. In the original CD-ROM, the contents involved only medical, legal, agricultural, book cataloging, and reference books. In addition to traditional agriculture, medicine, science, engineering, and literature, it is also widely involved in biology, popular science, language, teaching, entertainment, children's series, and appreciation. It is almost all aspects of life. The situation of people's needs is also very different from the past. According to statistics, in 1995, the order of the top ten categories of electricity and publications in European and American sales was: art/humanities, education/training/professionals, computer/computer programming, science/technology, business/company information, crime/law / Regulations, Language/Language Studies, Atlas/Map Data/Geography, Popular Leisure/Entertainment, Advertising Design/Marketing.
(2) Excellent quality. No matter in the graphics, images and animation production, video, audio recording, have shown a high level. In addition, the text, animation, images, video and audio are drawn and organized. More lively and innovative. Viewed from outside the product, the design and printing of the outer packaging and the cover are all exquisite, fully embodying their own characteristics and style. In animation processing, most of them are three-dimensional animations, vivid images, and strong appeal.
(3) A large number. According to the 1996 World (CD-ROM Guide) report, there are more than 10,000 household appliances and hardware manufacturers in the world. The CD-ROM products produced by them have made great progress in these years. They were 42 species in 1986, 200 species in 1988, 1,025 species in 1990, 3216 species in 1992, 6700 species in 1994, and 13,000 species in 1996. And in the future. The increase in the number of such species will intensify.
(4) The benefits are considerable. Total sales in Europe were 255 million U.S. dollars in 1992, 931 million U.S. dollars in 1995, and 1.19 billion U.S. dollars in 1996. It is expected to increase to 3.12 billion U.S. dollars by 2005. According to the United States "electronic publishing industry assessment report" statistics, in 1993 the United States electronic publications sales reached 7 billion US dollars. This represents an increase of 149% over the previous year. Its output value accounts for 28% of the total annual output value of the nation's publishing industry, ranking the first in the world. According to expert forecasts. World Power's sales in the publications market will increase at a rate of 30-40% per year. Therefore, European and American countries are actively investing and the government intervenes in order to develop a broader international market.
(5) Orderly circulation. The production, publication, and distribution of European and American CD-ROM products involve many internationally renowned large companies and publishers. These publications are sold by publishers themselves. Also promoted by professional publishers. In addition, there are direct sales, wholesale, retail, classified sales, complete sales, and hardware bundled sales. In addition to bookstores, hardware and software sales stores, supermarkets, chain stores, etc., these CK-ROM sales channels form a CD-ROM orderly sales channel.
(6) Drive the development of Other products. The development of electronic publications has promoted the development of related products, such as sales of CD-ROM drives, 7.36 million units in 1992 and 95 million units in 1996. Computers that play CD-ROMs and VCD and CVD production also increase year by year. Driven by the huge economic benefits, more and more companies have joined the ranks of production and sales of electronic publications, and more and more people are engaged in this work.
2. Current status of China's electronic publications China's development of electronic publications is also extremely reproducible. In 1987, the first CD-ROM was officially introduced by the China Book Import and Export Corporation, and in 1991 it successfully developed the CD-ROM publication "China Business Directory" (in English). In the following years, China’s electronic publications have made great progress.
In terms of quantity, there were more than 30 species in 1993, more than 50 species in 1994, more than 70 species in 1995, and a dramatic increase to 1025 species in 1997 with an annual growth rate of 200%. It is almost the sum of the number of products for the four years of 1993-1996. The total number of domestic CD-ROMs is 7.53 million. The average annual copy capacity of each type of CD-ROM is 7,718.
In terms of manufacturers. From the initial few to dozens of homes, hundreds of thousands of families. Since the second half of 1996, the demand for electronic publications has been increasing. There was even a large-scale market out-of-stock phenomenon in April-May 1997. Sub-table manufacturers' orders sometimes take 2-3 months to pay. goods. In this situation, thousands of companies or groups across the country are engaged in the development and sales of electronic publishing. So far, these manufacturers have 2-3 thousand or even more.
In terms of content, a small amount of CD-ROM products including the “Chinese Business Directoryâ€, “People’s Dailyâ€, “China Computer News†and “Encyclopedia†have been developed into current literature, history, geography, tourism, maps, and trade. , biology, military, physics, chemistry, medicine, patents, industrial standards, various bibliographies, encyclopedias, reference books, etc. And has published many excellent products, such as "Deng Xiaoping", "Zhou Enlai", "Long March", "Forbidden City - World Cultural Heritage", "The Forbidden City", "China Encyclopedia", "China History Atlas", "China Anti-Japanese "War History", "Eastern Time and Space 1000 Collector's Edition" and so on. Among them, the "Forbidden City - World Cultural Heritage" received a special judge award at the sixth French "Mobis" multimedia international Grand Prix. This is the first international award for electronic publications in China and shows that China’s electronic publications have attracted worldwide attention.
In addition, in the management of the import, publication, reproduction, distribution, sales, and leasing of electronic publications, there have been major advancements in external exhibitions and exchanges, as well as design and content extraction. However, compared with foreign countries, there is still a certain gap.
(l) Policies urgently need to be improved, and market management needs improvement. China has issued many regulations on the management of electronic publications. For example, in December 1994, the Press and Publication Administration promulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Electronic Publications; in March 1996, it promulgated the Provisional Regulations on the Administration of Electronic Publications; and on December 30, 1997, it was promulgated in accordance with the spirit of the State Council. "Electronic publication management regulations." At the same time, many provinces and cities have also formulated corresponding laws and regulations. The promulgation and implementation of these regulations have strengthened the management of the law, but due to the lack of industrial policies that are compatible with the development of the electronic publishing industry, such as taxation policies, financial policies, intellectual property rights policies, trade policies, etc., the electronic publishing companies still lack good The development environment lacks the conditions for the development of scale and collectivization. The phenomenon of piracy is still very rampant, and the task of “eliminating pornography and fighting non-compliance†is still very arduous, if there is no strong policy guarantee. Genuine CD-ROM is bound to be seriously violated.
(2) Outdated ideas, lack of awareness of innovation, and lack of competitiveness of products. China's e-publication industry is still accustomed to small-scale workshop-style production and management methods. It lacks the courage to organize production and manage highly industrialized industries. Its subjective colors are heavy, technology and products are separated from the market, and market orientation is neglected. In order to make profits, some companies have been engaged in short, flat, and fast projects. They rarely consider technological innovation, planning, and design innovation, and lack of in-depth investigation and research into the future market. Therefore, many products are rough in quality, not novel in design, lacking in their own characteristics and styles, lacking in the integrity of knowledge, and the integrity of technology. There are many problems in product image promotion, music art design, image layout, packaging, and price. These have seriously affected the market competitiveness of enterprises and hindered the vigorous development of electronic publications.
(3) The market system is not perfect, the market positioning is poor, and the development funds are seriously insufficient. From the overall point of view of electronic publication products that have been sold in recent years, there is a lack of hot topics, no particularly eye-catching products, and most products are routinely and lacking in creativity. Products that often have the same subject matter crash. As a result, the interests of producers have been seriously damaged, and the economic benefits before reproduction are very visible. This has seriously dampened the enthusiasm of producers and is extremely detrimental to the further development and development of new products. In addition, the contradiction in the distribution of benefits within the industry has become increasingly prominent, unfair competition has occurred repeatedly, the interests of producers and distributors have been uneven, and existing industry organizations have not been able to play a coordinating role in harmonizing markets and regulating behaviors. It shows that China's electronic publication market system is still not sound enough and still needs further improvement. In addition, the production of electronic publications requires a solid foundation of capital. At present, the domestic bank investment system still does not adapt to the requirements and changes of high-tech and high-risk enterprises, and there is also a lack of high-quality talents capable of running capital. As a result, companies that have had insufficient funds have increasingly felt a lack of funding.
In addition, there are certain gaps in the professional audio and video talent team, advanced audio and video editing equipment, the work experience of internal employees, and the ability to publish and distribute.
3. Development countermeasures for China's electronic publications (1) Strengthen macro-control, give full play to the government's occupation, and press and publication or related departments should formulate development plans for electronic publications. We must base ourselves on the overall situation, focus on the future, and study the development of the electronic publishing industry. The economic policy, the strategic planning of the electronic publishing business in the space-time, must handle the relationship between the internal structure, the external environment, the allocation of human resources, capital investment, and recycling, and include the development of electronic publications as part of national development information. Among the industrial plans, intensifying macro-control through administrative measures, policy measures, legal means, and economic measures to enhance market competitiveness.
(2) Improve legislation and increase law enforcement. Electronic publications are still at the initial stage. Strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights and the standardization of market behavior are powerful measures to ensure the healthy development of electronic publications. to this end. It is necessary to improve the construction of laws and regulations, establish rules and regulations that are in line with the "Regulations on the Administration of Electronic Publications," formulate regulations for the protection of electronic publications, seriously investigate and deal with infringements, further implement the work of "stealing pornography, fight non-action," and make clear that the electronic publishing industry is editing, attacking, and Operational normative goals. Legal protection of electronic publications.
(3) Pay attention to talent training. Strengthen the team building. The production of electronic publications is a very professional job. It requires new types of composite talents. Without a professional team engaged in editorial review and production, it is difficult to guarantee the overall quality of electronic publications. In order to make our products beat the world market as soon as possible, and make our country into the ranks of the electronic publishing powerhouses, the country must make great efforts to train a group of talents who understand the editing and publishing business and who are familiar with computer applications. In addition, it is necessary to cultivate a batch of software development talents and computer art talents to meet the needs of mass production of multimedia CDs.
(4) Coordinate management, coordinate operations, and pay attention to the integrity of development and construction. The development of electronic publications should be based on the Ninth Five Year Plan, the overall vision for the 2010 Vision and the electronic publishing industry. The National Press and Publication Administration should take the lead to establish an electronic publishing development fund as soon as possible, establish an electronic publishing professional association or society, and establish an electronic publishing base. Attack the research center, plan and coordinate operations. Pay attention to the integrity of development and construction, strengthen the selection and planning management of electronic publications, avoid repeated development and publication, and gradually form an organic whole for China's electronic publishing industry.
(5) Increase investment and provide support in economic policy. The production of electronic publications is characterized by high investment, high output, and high risk, and requires a large amount of high-tech talent and capital investment. To this end, the state should give priority to economic policy and give priority to development. It is necessary to promote and develop with the behavior of the state, increase the investment of the country, set up a special program for the national electronic publishing industry, implement a preferential tax rate, and ensure that the electronic publishing unit
Keywords electronic publication development strategy
With the rapid development and increasing popularity of computer technology, the new electronic media publication has emerged. The ability of a country to produce electronic publications not only represents the technical level of the country, but also can bring substantial economic benefits to the country. Therefore, all countries in the world attach great importance to the progress of their electronic publications.
1, the status of foreign publications
In October 1985, the electronic publication was exhibited for the first time at the Frankfurt Book Fair in France. Over the past 13 years, the development of foreign electronic publications has been very rapid.
(l) Variety of species. In the original CD-ROM, the contents involved only medical, legal, agricultural, book cataloging, and reference books. In addition to traditional agriculture, medicine, science, engineering, and literature, it is also widely involved in biology, popular science, language, teaching, entertainment, children's series, and appreciation. It is almost all aspects of life. The situation of people's needs is also very different from the past. According to statistics, in 1995, the order of the top ten categories of electricity and publications in European and American sales was: art/humanities, education/training/professionals, computer/computer programming, science/technology, business/company information, crime/law / Regulations, Language/Language Studies, Atlas/Map Data/Geography, Popular Leisure/Entertainment, Advertising Design/Marketing.
(2) Excellent quality. No matter in the graphics, images and animation production, video, audio recording, have shown a high level. In addition, the text, animation, images, video and audio are drawn and organized. More lively and innovative. Viewed from outside the product, the design and printing of the outer packaging and the cover are all exquisite, fully embodying their own characteristics and style. In animation processing, most of them are three-dimensional animations, vivid images, and strong appeal.
(3) A large number. According to the 1996 World (CD-ROM Guide) report, there are more than 10,000 household appliances and hardware manufacturers in the world. The CD-ROM products produced by them have made great progress in these years. They were 42 species in 1986, 200 species in 1988, 1,025 species in 1990, 3216 species in 1992, 6700 species in 1994, and 13,000 species in 1996. And in the future. The increase in the number of such species will intensify.
(4) The benefits are considerable. Total sales in Europe were 255 million U.S. dollars in 1992, 931 million U.S. dollars in 1995, and 1.19 billion U.S. dollars in 1996. It is expected to increase to 3.12 billion U.S. dollars by 2005. According to the United States "electronic publishing industry assessment report" statistics, in 1993 the United States electronic publications sales reached 7 billion US dollars. This represents an increase of 149% over the previous year. Its output value accounts for 28% of the total annual output value of the nation's publishing industry, ranking the first in the world. According to expert forecasts. World Power's sales in the publications market will increase at a rate of 30-40% per year. Therefore, European and American countries are actively investing and the government intervenes in order to develop a broader international market.
(5) Orderly circulation. The production, publication, and distribution of European and American CD-ROM products involve many internationally renowned large companies and publishers. These publications are sold by publishers themselves. Also promoted by professional publishers. In addition, there are direct sales, wholesale, retail, classified sales, complete sales, and hardware bundled sales. In addition to bookstores, hardware and software sales stores, supermarkets, chain stores, etc., these CK-ROM sales channels form a CD-ROM orderly sales channel.
(6) Drive the development of Other products. The development of electronic publications has promoted the development of related products, such as sales of CD-ROM drives, 7.36 million units in 1992 and 95 million units in 1996. Computers that play CD-ROMs and VCD and CVD production also increase year by year. Driven by the huge economic benefits, more and more companies have joined the ranks of production and sales of electronic publications, and more and more people are engaged in this work.
2. Current status of China's electronic publications China's development of electronic publications is also extremely reproducible. In 1987, the first CD-ROM was officially introduced by the China Book Import and Export Corporation, and in 1991 it successfully developed the CD-ROM publication "China Business Directory" (in English). In the following years, China’s electronic publications have made great progress.
In terms of quantity, there were more than 30 species in 1993, more than 50 species in 1994, more than 70 species in 1995, and a dramatic increase to 1025 species in 1997 with an annual growth rate of 200%. It is almost the sum of the number of products for the four years of 1993-1996. The total number of domestic CD-ROMs is 7.53 million. The average annual copy capacity of each type of CD-ROM is 7,718.
In terms of manufacturers. From the initial few to dozens of homes, hundreds of thousands of families. Since the second half of 1996, the demand for electronic publications has been increasing. There was even a large-scale market out-of-stock phenomenon in April-May 1997. Sub-table manufacturers' orders sometimes take 2-3 months to pay. goods. In this situation, thousands of companies or groups across the country are engaged in the development and sales of electronic publishing. So far, these manufacturers have 2-3 thousand or even more.
In terms of content, a small amount of CD-ROM products including the “Chinese Business Directoryâ€, “People’s Dailyâ€, “China Computer News†and “Encyclopedia†have been developed into current literature, history, geography, tourism, maps, and trade. , biology, military, physics, chemistry, medicine, patents, industrial standards, various bibliographies, encyclopedias, reference books, etc. And has published many excellent products, such as "Deng Xiaoping", "Zhou Enlai", "Long March", "Forbidden City - World Cultural Heritage", "The Forbidden City", "China Encyclopedia", "China History Atlas", "China Anti-Japanese "War History", "Eastern Time and Space 1000 Collector's Edition" and so on. Among them, the "Forbidden City - World Cultural Heritage" received a special judge award at the sixth French "Mobis" multimedia international Grand Prix. This is the first international award for electronic publications in China and shows that China’s electronic publications have attracted worldwide attention.
In addition, in the management of the import, publication, reproduction, distribution, sales, and leasing of electronic publications, there have been major advancements in external exhibitions and exchanges, as well as design and content extraction. However, compared with foreign countries, there is still a certain gap.
(l) Policies urgently need to be improved, and market management needs improvement. China has issued many regulations on the management of electronic publications. For example, in December 1994, the Press and Publication Administration promulgated the Notice on Strengthening the Management of Electronic Publications; in March 1996, it promulgated the Provisional Regulations on the Administration of Electronic Publications; and on December 30, 1997, it was promulgated in accordance with the spirit of the State Council. "Electronic publication management regulations." At the same time, many provinces and cities have also formulated corresponding laws and regulations. The promulgation and implementation of these regulations have strengthened the management of the law, but due to the lack of industrial policies that are compatible with the development of the electronic publishing industry, such as taxation policies, financial policies, intellectual property rights policies, trade policies, etc., the electronic publishing companies still lack good The development environment lacks the conditions for the development of scale and collectivization. The phenomenon of piracy is still very rampant, and the task of “eliminating pornography and fighting non-compliance†is still very arduous, if there is no strong policy guarantee. Genuine CD-ROM is bound to be seriously violated.
(2) Outdated ideas, lack of awareness of innovation, and lack of competitiveness of products. China's e-publication industry is still accustomed to small-scale workshop-style production and management methods. It lacks the courage to organize production and manage highly industrialized industries. Its subjective colors are heavy, technology and products are separated from the market, and market orientation is neglected. In order to make profits, some companies have been engaged in short, flat, and fast projects. They rarely consider technological innovation, planning, and design innovation, and lack of in-depth investigation and research into the future market. Therefore, many products are rough in quality, not novel in design, lacking in their own characteristics and styles, lacking in the integrity of knowledge, and the integrity of technology. There are many problems in product image promotion, music art design, image layout, packaging, and price. These have seriously affected the market competitiveness of enterprises and hindered the vigorous development of electronic publications.
(3) The market system is not perfect, the market positioning is poor, and the development funds are seriously insufficient. From the overall point of view of electronic publication products that have been sold in recent years, there is a lack of hot topics, no particularly eye-catching products, and most products are routinely and lacking in creativity. Products that often have the same subject matter crash. As a result, the interests of producers have been seriously damaged, and the economic benefits before reproduction are very visible. This has seriously dampened the enthusiasm of producers and is extremely detrimental to the further development and development of new products. In addition, the contradiction in the distribution of benefits within the industry has become increasingly prominent, unfair competition has occurred repeatedly, the interests of producers and distributors have been uneven, and existing industry organizations have not been able to play a coordinating role in harmonizing markets and regulating behaviors. It shows that China's electronic publication market system is still not sound enough and still needs further improvement. In addition, the production of electronic publications requires a solid foundation of capital. At present, the domestic bank investment system still does not adapt to the requirements and changes of high-tech and high-risk enterprises, and there is also a lack of high-quality talents capable of running capital. As a result, companies that have had insufficient funds have increasingly felt a lack of funding.
In addition, there are certain gaps in the professional audio and video talent team, advanced audio and video editing equipment, the work experience of internal employees, and the ability to publish and distribute.
3. Development countermeasures for China's electronic publications (1) Strengthen macro-control, give full play to the government's occupation, and press and publication or related departments should formulate development plans for electronic publications. We must base ourselves on the overall situation, focus on the future, and study the development of the electronic publishing industry. The economic policy, the strategic planning of the electronic publishing business in the space-time, must handle the relationship between the internal structure, the external environment, the allocation of human resources, capital investment, and recycling, and include the development of electronic publications as part of national development information. Among the industrial plans, intensifying macro-control through administrative measures, policy measures, legal means, and economic measures to enhance market competitiveness.
(2) Improve legislation and increase law enforcement. Electronic publications are still at the initial stage. Strengthening the protection of intellectual property rights and the standardization of market behavior are powerful measures to ensure the healthy development of electronic publications. to this end. It is necessary to improve the construction of laws and regulations, establish rules and regulations that are in line with the "Regulations on the Administration of Electronic Publications," formulate regulations for the protection of electronic publications, seriously investigate and deal with infringements, further implement the work of "stealing pornography, fight non-action," and make clear that the electronic publishing industry is editing, attacking, and Operational normative goals. Legal protection of electronic publications.
(3) Pay attention to talent training. Strengthen the team building. The production of electronic publications is a very professional job. It requires new types of composite talents. Without a professional team engaged in editorial review and production, it is difficult to guarantee the overall quality of electronic publications. In order to make our products beat the world market as soon as possible, and make our country into the ranks of the electronic publishing powerhouses, the country must make great efforts to train a group of talents who understand the editing and publishing business and who are familiar with computer applications. In addition, it is necessary to cultivate a batch of software development talents and computer art talents to meet the needs of mass production of multimedia CDs.
(4) Coordinate management, coordinate operations, and pay attention to the integrity of development and construction. The development of electronic publications should be based on the Ninth Five Year Plan, the overall vision for the 2010 Vision and the electronic publishing industry. The National Press and Publication Administration should take the lead to establish an electronic publishing development fund as soon as possible, establish an electronic publishing professional association or society, and establish an electronic publishing base. Attack the research center, plan and coordinate operations. Pay attention to the integrity of development and construction, strengthen the selection and planning management of electronic publications, avoid repeated development and publication, and gradually form an organic whole for China's electronic publishing industry.
(5) Increase investment and provide support in economic policy. The production of electronic publications is characterized by high investment, high output, and high risk, and requires a large amount of high-tech talent and capital investment. To this end, the state should give priority to economic policy and give priority to development. It is necessary to promote and develop with the behavior of the state, increase the investment of the country, set up a special program for the national electronic publishing industry, implement a preferential tax rate, and ensure that the electronic publishing unit
Water to air brazed plate heat exchanger
6Z Heat Exchanger Manufacturing Co., Ltd. , http://www.jialong-coolers.com