Rejuvenating Reagents-The United States has developed the first fully integrated artificial photosynthesis nano system

The United States has developed the first fully integrated artificial photosynthesis nano system. At the moment when the media has clamored for the highest carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere of 3 million years, the scientists of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in the latest issue of " The Nano Express reports that they have made important progress in developing carbon-neutral renewable energy technology, the first fully integrated artificial photosynthesis nano-system. Yang Peidong, a chemist at the Materials Science Department of Berkeley Laboratories who led the study, said that if "artificial leaves" are the buzzword for such systems, the key to this success is "artificial forests." Similar to the chloroplast for photosynthesis in green plants, its artificial photosynthesis system consists of two semiconductor light absorbers, an interface layer responsible for transportation, and a co-catalyst for spatial separation. In this system, in order to promote the decomposition of solar water, the researchers synthesized a nanowire heterostructure composed of silicon "trunks" and titanium oxide "branches." Visually, these nanostructure arrays are very similar to artificial forests. Solar energy technology is an ideal solution for carbon-neutral renewable energy. One hour of global sunlight contains enough energy to meet the human needs for one year. An artificial photosynthesis system that can directly convert solar energy into chemical fuel is considered to be the most promising solar cell technology. The main challenge for artificial photosynthesis is to produce hydrogen cheap enough to compete with fossil fuels. To meet this challenge, an integrated system is needed to effectively absorb sunlight and generate electric charges to drive the reduction and oxidation half-reactions of water separated from each other. Yang Peidong said that in natural photosynthesis, absorbed solar energy produces charged carriers, which can perform chemical reactions in different areas of the chloroplast. The new research integrates the nanowire heterostructure into a functional system to simulate the integrated phenomenon in the chloroplast, which provides a conceptual blueprint for improving the efficiency of solar-fuel conversion in the future. When sunlight is absorbed by the pigment molecules in the chloroplast, the generated charged electrons move between the molecules via the transmission chain until finally driving carbon dioxide into sugar. This electron transfer chain is called the "Z plan" because the movement pattern on one side is similar to the letter "Z". The Yang Peidong team also adopted the "Z Plan" in their system. They used only two of the more abundant and stable semiconductor materials on the earth-silicon and titanium oxide, loaded with a co-catalyst, and inserted an ohmic contact layer between them. . Silicon is used as a photocathode for hydrogen production, and titanium oxide is used as a photoanode for oxygen production. The tree structure is used to maximize system performance. Like trees in real forests, the dense array of artificial nano-trees can suppress sunlight reflections and provide more surface for fuel-producing reactions. After absorbing the solar spectrum in different regions, photoexcited electron-hole pairs will be generated in silicon and titanium oxide. The photo-excited electrons in the silicon nanowires migrate to the surface and reduce protons to hydrogen, while the photo-excited holes in the titanium oxide nanowires oxidize water to release oxygen molecules. Most of the carriers from the two semiconductors are recombined in the ohmic contact layer, completing a "Z Plan" relay similar to natural photosynthesis. Under simulated sunlight, this integrated nanowire-based artificial photosynthesis system achieved a solar-fuel conversion efficiency of 0.12%. Compared with some natural photosynthesis conversion efficiency, this efficiency needs to be greatly improved for commercial use. However, the modular design of the system allows the newly discovered individual components to be easily incorporated to improve their performance. The researchers noticed that the photocurrent output produced by the silicon cathode and titanium oxide anode of this system did not match, and the photocurrent output by the anode was low, limiting the overall performance of the system. At present, researchers are developing photoanodes that perform better than titanium oxide, and are expected to increase energy conversion efficiency to single-digit percentage levels in the near future.

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